32 List two situations where each of the following methods or instruments can be used advantageously for measuring distance: a) pacing: b) odometer, e) stadia; d) taping: e) EDM 33 A surveyor counted the number of paces required to cover a 250-ft distance. •The distance between marks (titik) can be obtained without using a tape or chain. Work out the length of a casual step and use this instead. 1 DETERMINING HORIZONTAL DISTANCE BY PACING (TITLE OF THE Part II Rough Distance Measurement by Pacing Measure, by pacing, the length of a given line assigned by your instructor. In surveying, the distance between two points typically refers to the horizontal, or level, distance between those two points. 166.67 feet 7) c. 36 degrees, 8 min, 42 sec. Different Methods of measuring Distance. 5 Pacing zPractical measure of distance. In some circumstances pacing may be sufficient technique. Replace the ranging pole at station 1 (point A) and move to station 2, while measuring the horizontal distance AB by pacing or chaining. Instrumentman The person whose duty is to set up, level, and operate surveying instruments such as the transit, engineers's level, … Pacing consists of counting the paces in a distance you are measuring. Confirm your pacing by walking back exactly the same distance you have covered. SURVEYING 1 LAB (Elementary and Higher Surveying) FIELD WORK NO. Make the first setup of the instrument at some convenient distance away from the benchmark. Section Measured Distance Temperature (C°) A-1 30.000 14 1-2 30.000 15 2-B 21.151 16 [Solution next page] 15 Example 6.1 Solution FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING 16 COMBINED CORRECTIONS IN TAPING Example 6.2 A 100 ft tape standardized at 68oF and supported throughout under a tension of 20 lb was found to be 100.012 ft long. Do this at least twice (once forward and once back), to avoid a blunder; use the average distance as your final result. Problem # 1. Going through these numericals will actually give you an idea as to how the calculations are done inspite of errors occurring in the Chain Surveying.. Proper care … A pace is defined as the … to help you keep a pace count. To erect, with a tape, a perpendicular to a chain line from a point on it: It can be done by forming a right angled triangle by taking three sides of a triangle in the proportion of 3, 4 and 5. Establish a 100 m straight line on a more or less level ground with both ends marked by a range poles. Numerical Examples for Errors in Chain Surveying. DISTANCES MEASUREMENT OF LINEAR DISTANCES • BY PACING • BY MECHANICAL DEVICES • BY GRAPHICAL AND MATHEMATICAL • BY PHOTOGRAMMETRIC • BY ELECTRONIC DISTANCE MEASUREMENT • BY TACHYMETRIC • BY TAPING DISTANCE BY PACING • Consist of counting the number of steps, or paces, in a required distance. Record distance between points by pacing only. This distance depends upon the accuracy of the instrument but in most cases should not exceed 300 or 400 feet. In traditional ground surveys, although many angles might be read, the length of at least one line has to be measured to supplement the angles in locating points. In some construction surveys, normally inaccessible distances must be computed. If it is not the same, average the number to find your usual level of pacing. 4. Construction plans are prepared showing distances as horizontal distances. zDon't try to pace out one meter with every step.Walk casually over 100 m counting the number of steps. Calculate your pacing for 100 meters or 109 yards and check to see if it is the same. •Odometer Measuring Wheel that counts the number of revolutions which is converted to a distance. Set up the instrument within 300 feet of all points to be surveyed 9) a. - It is an integral part to know the individual’s pace factor as it is used in surveying field to determine the measurement of a specific distance of a course or line. 2) a. Horizontal or level distance 3) d. All of the above 4) a. This article throws light upon the six major problems in ranging and chaining of a line. Accuracy up to 1:100 can be reached by experienced surveyor. surveying applied to construction and mining engineering projects, and to give guidance on practical methods of solving the typical problems posed in practice … b) To measure an unknown distance by pacing. Above this temperature, the tape elongates and provides distances that are shorter then actual. QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS: 1. The baseline should be as long as the longest distance that will be measured to determine elevations with intermediate points at 100- to 200-ft intervals. •It suitable to use in valley, river and area where many We will now move on with different numerical problems on the concept of Errors in Chain Surveying. Normal practice in the field is to determine this distance by pacing. 3. Part 650 Engineering Field Handbook Chapter 1 Surveying 1–viii (210–VI–EFH, October 2008) Figure 1–14 Calculating horizontal latitude and longitude coordinates 1–26 from survey data Figure 1–15 Distance measured as either horizontal or slope distance 1–26 Figure 1–16 Odometer wheel 1–27 Figure 1–17 Breaking chain 1–28 Figure 1–18 Digital laser EDM 1–30 Various methods used for linear measurements may be grouped as: (i) Approximate (ii) Using chain or tape (iii) By optical means and (iv) Using electromagnetic distance measurement instruments. It is used in reconnaissance surveys& in small scale mapping. Correction due to incorrect length of chain Record distance between points by using steel tape, plumb bob and pins. EQUIPMENT NEEDED: 2 - Range poles 1 – Graduated Tape 1 set of Marking pins A – Determining Pace Factor. 6. Problems 53 PROBLEMS 3.1 Name six methods of measuring distances and list advantages and disadvantages of cach. Procedures: 1. MEASUREMENT OF HORIZONTAL. Surveying the Forest ... • Surveys, used alone or in conjunction with existing maps and aerial photographs, are performed to solve problems ... Pacing is the least accurate method for distance measurement, but accurate pacing is a valuable asset to the timber cruiser working alone. Obvious advantage of this method is no need of equipment. Rough distance measurement: pacing. What relative accuracy can be expected when measuring distances by pacing? Pacing Accuracy attained by pacing is sufficient for a great many purposes in surveying. Through the use of trigonometric calculations, the distance and angle measurements are used to establish three dimensional (3-D) coordinates for each surveyed point. This book is an attempt to deal with the basic mathematical aspects of 'Engineering Surveying', i.e. zVaries with uphill, downhill, and your age. B. Surveying Measurements Measuring distances and angles from a known reference are fundamental surveying operations. First the person who will do the measurment must of the length of … 7. 8) b. View Notes - 1_Pacing from ADU 10 at Adamson University. Tacheometric Surveying Solved Problems | Surveying Tacheometric Surveying Solved Problems | Surveying by APSEd 3 years ago 10 minutes, 15 seconds 49,635 views APSEd is an educational platform by IIT Bombay graduates. Many surveying measurements are made under many different circumstances and conditions and therefore have different degrees of reliability Measurement of Distance The accurate determination of the distance between two points on any surface is one of the basic operations of plane surveying. Rough distance measurement: Using a Measuring Wheel. It is calculated using the trigonometry and the measured slope distance • Distance measurement is usually regarded as the most fundamental of surveying observations. INTRODUCTION •Tachymetry word is derived from the Greek takhus metron meaning ‘swift measurement’. May 2005 SURVEYING EQUIPMENT, MEASUREMENTS AND ERRORS 3.1(1) Chapter 3 Surveying Equipment, Measurements and Errors 3.1 EQUIPMENT The procurement and maintenance of surveying equipment, tools and supplies are important parts of the Department’s survey effort. Distance Measurement Chapter 6 Methods For Measuring Distances •Pacing A quick, easy method of determining distances. zLow accuracy zNo equipment needed Taping (or chaining) The coordinates are then Note this distance down in the table (see step 17). The tape must be held as close to level as you can and on line while making measurements. If needed, you could pace another distance to confirm your pacing. Most people won't use pacing to record long distances but it is possible if you have a system (pacing beads, etc.) … Tacheometric surveying is a method of angular surveying in which the horizontal distance from the instrument to the staff stations are determined from instrumental observations only. A. 12.1.1 Approximates Methods of Linear Measurements These methods are used in reconnaissance survey or to detect major mistakes committed while measuring with… Thus the chaining operations are eliminated. Average pace length has to be known by pacing a known distance several times and taking the average. Can achieve an accuracy of 1’/200’ DISTANCE MEASUREMENT Is generally regarded as the most fundamental of all surveying observations Many angles may be read, the length of at least one line must be observed to supplement the angles in locating points In plane survey, the distance between two points means the horizontal distance 9 Record distance between points by using steel tape only 5. Can achieve an accuracy of 1’/50’ to 1’/100’. ENGI 3703 Surveying and Geomatics Topic Instructor: Prof. Ken Snelgrove Lect 7 - Sept 24/07 Slide 3 of 7 Taping Distance Errors Quantified Temperature Correction: (Section 6.14.2) Steel tapes provide direct measurement at a “standard” temperature of 20oC. Compute the length of the line using the value of your unit pace. He is primarily responsible for the employment of surveying equipment, instrument, and accessories used in the survey operation. Providing all surveying needed to locate and define the contract work 6) b. Field Work can be completed very rapidly Tacheometry is mainly used for preparing the contour plans of areas. Horizontal distances are ordinarily determined in the following ways: Pacing, Taping or Electronic Distance Measuring (EDM). Pacing: where approximate results are satisfactory, distance can be obtained by pacing (the number of paces can be counted by tally or pedometer registry attached to one leg). The leveling rod is placed on the benchmark and a reading is taken. B. The measurements must be made to a high degree of precision to maintain accuracy in the computed distance. Note this distance down in the table (see step 17). PACING Precise elevations of the points along the baseline should be measured by differential leveling. 7.7 5) b. Why is it important to know the individual’s pace factor? •It is a branch of surveying where horizontal distance and vertical distance can be obtained through stadia line by using teodolite. The distance is computed by means of trigonometry, using the angles and the one distance that can be measured.
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